Find medical information for Vraylar on epocrates online, including its dosing, contraindications, drug interactions, and pill pictures.Vraylar Interactions. There are 561 drugs known to interact with Vraylar (cariprazine), along with 13 disease interactions, and 5 alcohol/food interactions. Of the total drug interactions, 92 are major, 468 are moderate, and 1 is minor.Psychiatrists may prescribe anticonvulsants for people who don't tolerate or respond to first-line medications, like SSRIs. Psychiatrists may prescribe anticonvulsants for people w...• Take VRAYLAR exactly as your healthcare provider tells you to take it. Do not change the dose or stop taking VRAYLAR without first talking to your healthcare provider. • Take VRAYLAR 1 time each day with or without food. • If you take too much VRAYLAR, call your healthcare provider or Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222 orOthers could make Vraylar less effective. Here, we’ll review nine key interactions that are discussed in the manufacturer’s label for Vraylar. Keep in mind: This isn’t a complete list of possible Vraylar interactions. There may be other medications that affect how it works. And Vraylar might impact how other medications work as well. Bipolar I disorder can cause unpredictable high and low mood swings, also known as manic and depressive episodes. It’s impossible to predict how long mood episodes may last. You might be severely depressed for a brief or extended period of time before entering into a manic episode. Mania could last anywhere from a week to months as well. VRAYLAR (cariprazine) is indicated in adults as adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), for the treatment of depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder (bipolar depression), for the acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder, and for the treatment ...Depending on your insurance coverage, eligible patients may pay as little as $5 per 30-day supply for each of up to twelve (12) prescription fills or as little as $5 for each of up to four (4) 90-day prescriptions if VRAYLAR ® (cariprazine) is covered without coverage restrictions (eg, prior authorization, step therapy, or otherwise), and for ...What causes the loud banging noise in my home's pipes? For example, when I turn off the faucet I hear it. Is there a way to prevent it? Advertisement The problem you are describing... Find 71 user ratings and reviews for Vraylar Oral on WebMD including side effects and drug interactions, medication effectiveness, ease of use and satisfaction May 21, 2023 · The review included an analysis of the study design, sample size, interventions, outcome measures, and results of 48 selected articles related to the efficacy and safety of Vraylar in treating schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Mechanism of action. Cariprazine is a unique antipsychotic drug that antagonizes D3 receptors while blocking D2 ... For schizophrenia, the recommended starting dosage is 1.5 mg on day 1. On day 2, your doctor may increase your dosage to 3 mg once daily. And, if needed, they may slowly increase your Vraylar ...In this episode, I discuss a medication known as cariprazine (Vraylar).My book is now available! It discusses my experience with Bipolar Disorder.The Fifth E...Bipolar I disorder can cause unpredictable high and low mood swings, also known as manic and depressive episodes. It’s impossible to predict how long mood episodes may last. You might be severely depressed for a brief or extended period of time before entering into a manic episode. Mania could last anywhere from a week to months as well.Vraylar is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called atypical antipsychotics. It contains the active ingredient cariprazine, which works by modulating certain neurotransmitter receptors in the brain, including dopamine and serotonin. By targeting these neurotransmitters, Vraylar helps to restore the balance of chemicals in …Your credit report, history and score all wield a huge amount of power over your finances — so you want them to be in tip-top shape. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsle...Antipsychotic Safe, Effective for Resistant Depression in Phase 3 Trial. Cariprazine (Vraylar) is a safe and effective adjunctive treatment for adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) who have ...Minimum Laboratory Monitoring For Psychotropic Medications. On initiation of any antipsychotic medication and at least every six months thereafter, or more frequently as clinically indicated. For individuals at least 18 years old, on initiation of any medication and at least every six months thereafter, or more frequently as clinically indicated.Consumer ratings and reviews for VRAYLAR (CARIPRAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE). Includes 43 patient ratings with average score of 3.4, comments, side effects, dosage, sex, age, time taken.*Depending on your insurance coverage, eligible patients may pay as little as $5 per 30-day supply for each of up to twelve (12) prescription fills or as little as $5 for each of up to four (4) 90-day prescriptions if VRAYLAR ® (cariprazine) if covered without coverage restrictions (eg, prior authorization, step therapy, or otherwise), and for those who are taking …In this episode, I discuss a medication known as cariprazine (Vraylar).My book is now available! It discusses my experience with Bipolar Disorder.The Fifth E...For schizophrenia, the recommended starting dosage is 1.5 mg on day 1. On day 2, your doctor may increase your dosage to 3 mg once daily. And, if needed, they may slowly increase your Vraylar ...How to compare doses of different antipsychotics: a systematic review of methods. Schizophr Res. 2013;149(1-3):141-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.06.030. PubMed PMID: 23845387. Rothe PH, Heres S, Leucht S. Dose equivalents for second generation long-acting injectable antipsychotics: The minimum effective dose method. Schizophrenia …In the past 30 days, VRAYLAR has had 2,256 airings and earned an airing rank of #483 with a spend ranking of #385 as compared to all other advertisers. Competition for VRAYLAR includes REXULTI (Depression), TRINTELLIX, Latuda, ABILIFY, NUPLAZID and the other brands in the Pharmaceutical & Medical: Rx: Depression, Bipolar & …Families hard hit by economic troubles might try to relocate to stretch their hard-earned dollars further. Kiplinger, Forbes and AARP surveyed a variety of U.S. cities to determine...Home improvement projects account for a lot of waste in the landfill, and that's just not good for the environment. Here are some easy ways to make your projects eco-friendly. Expe...Vraylar is a mood stabilizer not just for bipolar. It is for depression, anxiety, as well as other diagnoses. I have a lot of patients on this medication and are doing excellent without side effects. It is worth a try. Just because side effects are listed doesn’t mean you will have them. During trials if 1 person has a symptom, even if ... Vraylar has an average rating of 5.8 out of 10 from a total of 334 reviews for the treatment of Bipolar Disorder. 46% of reviewers reported a positive experience, while 37% reported a negative experience. Eligible patients may pay as little as $0 for their first two 30-day fills.*. The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) was developed by Robert M.A. Hirschfeld, MD (University of Texas Medical Branch), and published in the American Journal of Psychiatry. (Hirschfeld RMA, Williams JBW, Spitzer RL, et al. Development and validation of a screening ...Vraylar (cariprazine) is a brand-name prescription drug used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.It is also sometimes used with antidepressants for major depressive disorder. Vraylar is not intended to treat dementia-related psychosis in older adult patients as it may cause an increased risk of death.. This drug is part of a class of …Abilify gave me a serious reaction but i dont know what—suicidal thoughts that felt like a compulsion, severe limb jerks, or darting eyes. Im on wellbutrin and lexapro. And wellbutrin gave me severe constipation and i need surgery. Im a little afraid of this drug because this isnt primary for MDD. I know i can get off of it but im laid off ...Vraylar is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called atypical antipsychotics. It contains the active ingredient cariprazine, which works by modulating certain neurotransmitter receptors in the brain, including dopamine and serotonin. By targeting these neurotransmitters, Vraylar helps to restore the balance of chemicals in …Vraylar is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called atypical antipsychotics. It contains the active ingredient cariprazine, which works by modulating certain neurotransmitter receptors in the brain, including dopamine and serotonin. By targeting these neurotransmitters, Vraylar helps to restore the balance of chemicals in …Overall rating 3.0. Effectiveness. Ease of Use. Satisfaction. Iv been on vraylar for over a year. First 1.5 mg daily, no effect.. bumped up to 3mg daily still felt like manic bipolar depression was getting the best of me. Then bumped up to 6mg daily and I felt sedated, tired, lethargic every damn day.The most common side effects include difficulty moving or slow movements, tremors, uncontrolled body movements, restlessness and feeling like you need to move around, sleepiness, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, constipation, feeling tired, trouble sleeping, increased appetite, and dizziness. These are not all the possible side effects of VRAYLAR. VRAYLAR ® (cariprazine) is an adjunctive or add-on treatment for major depressive disorder. Eligible commercially insured patients may pay as little as*: $0 for VRAYLAR: both 30- and 90-day fills. $0 for a generic antidepressant. Get your savings card and talk to your doctor about a 90-day prescription to save more time and money at the pharmacy. restlessness. sleepiness. vomiting. indigestion (upset stomach) insomnia †. constipation. fatigue (lack of energy) These side effects may be temporary, lasting a few days or weeks. But if the ...A systematic review was performed using Embase and Pubmed databases searching for English-language cases published in peer-reviewed journals between 2000 January and 2021 September with the following search terms: (cariprazin * OR “rgh-188” OR rgh188 OR vraylar OR reagila) AND (“case report * ” OR “case report”/de OR “case …Find 69 user ratings and reviews for Vraylar Oral on WebMD including side effects and drug interactions, medication effectiveness, ease of use and satisfactionBottom Line. Vraylar is an atypical antipsychotic that is effective for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Vraylar is usually well-tolerated and less likely than some other antipsychotics to cause elevations in blood sugar or total cholesterol levels, sedation, or weight gain. 5.Vraylar Interactions. There are 561 drugs known to interact with Vraylar (cariprazine), along with 13 disease interactions, and 5 alcohol/food interactions. Of the total drug interactions, 92 are major, 468 are moderate, and 1 is minor. VRAYLAR is a prescription medicine used in adults: along with antidepressant medicines to treat major depressive disorder (MDD) for short-term (acute) treatment of manic or mixed episodes that happen with bipolar I disorder. to treat depressive episodes that happen with bipolar I (bipolar depression) Vraylar (Cariprazine) is an antipsychotic that is commonly prescribed in psychiatry for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. This video discusses its uses, d...Brand name: Vraylar ® Oral capsule: 1.5mg, 3mg, 4.5mg, 6mg ... This information contains a summary of important points and is not an exhaustive review of information about the medication. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified medical professional with any questions you may have regarding medications or medical conditions ...Apr 13, 2022 ... Vraylar and Vraylar is also called cariprazine . it's an a typical anti ... Vraylar Reviews · Adhd Meds Dissociation · Magnesium for Adhd Meds.4.5mg 1X day. 12/13/2023. 1. Schizoeffective. Had horrible side effects. Anxiety, uncontrollable movement, trouble breathing, restless, throat issues plus more. I took one dose and I felt worse than I ever felt.Apr 9, 2023 · Bipolar disorder is a type of mood disorder that typically involves depressive episodes and manic episodes. Mixed episodes happen when symptoms of both depression and mania occur at the same time. Doctors can prescribe Vraylar for use during mixed, manic, or depressive episodes. Major depressive disorder. Apr 13, 2023 · Recommended Dosage In Schizophrenia. The starting dosage of VRAYLAR is 1.5 mg once daily. The recommended dosage range is 1.5 mg to 6 mg once daily. The dosage can be increased to 3 mg on Day 2. Depending upon clinical response and tolerability, further dose adjustments can be made in 1.5 mg or 3 mg increments. VRAYLAR may cause serious side effects, including: • Stroke (cerebrovascular problems) in elderly people with dementia-related psychosis that can lead to death • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS): Call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away if you have high fever, stiff muscles, confusion ... What are common Vraylar doses? Schizophrenia: 1.5 mg to 6 mg orally once daily. Bipolar mania or mixed episodes: 3 mg to 6 mg orally once daily. Bipolar depression: 1.5 mg to 3 mg once daily. More information on Vraylar titration and dosing can be found here: Vraylar dosage, forms, and strengths But Vraylar is a second generation AAP. The molecule was designed in such a way as to minimize the chances of extrapyramidal symptoms. Whether that works in practice,YMMV. Both of them are FDA approved to treat acute bipolar depression as well and the manufacturers conducted clinical trials which back that up.With SingleCare, the cost of Vraylar can be as low as $1,327.84 for 30, 1.5mg Capsule. You can use the available free coupon from SingleCare to lower your out-of-pocket expenses and pay a more affordable price for Vraylar and other prescription drugs. You can also contact the manufacturer for more ways to save.Consumer buying power is disposable, after-tax income, a sum of money you are able to spend, save or invest. Because buying power increases as net income rises, pre-tax deductions ...Quetiapine (Seroquel) Lurasidone (Latuda) Lamotrigine (Lamictal) Lithium and quetiapine top the lists for all three phases of the illness: mania, depression, and the maintenance phase. Lurasidone and lamotrigine are either untested (lurasidone) or ineffective (lamotrigine) in mania, but they are essential tools for bipolar depression. …Bipolar I Acute Manic or Mixed Episodes Recommended Doses. Day 1–Start at 1.5 mg/day. Day 2–Increase dose to 3 mg/day. Further adjustments can be made in 1.5- or 3-mg/day increments, up to a maximum recommended dose of 6 mg/day, depending on clinical response and tolerability.*. *In short-term controlled studies, doses above 6 mg/day did ...TAP Air Portugal is a rapidly growing airline that's expanding globally. To learn how to earn Miles&Go miles, check our definitive guide! We may be compensated when you click on pr...Key takeaways: Vraylar (cariprazine) is an antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar 1 disorder, and depression. The recommended starting Vraylar dosage is 1.5 mg daily. Your healthcare provider may increase it from there based on your symptoms. The maximum recommended Vraylar dosage is 6 mg daily for schizophrenia and manic or mixed ...Cariprazine is marketed as VRAYLAR ® in the U.S., and in addition to being approved as an adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for the treatment of MDD in adults, it is FDA-approved to treat ...Most voted positive review. 31 People found this comment helpful . vraylar started working for me within the first week of being on it. improved my mood and felt positive about everything in general. have been taking it for about a month and it has helped more than anything i have taken.Quetiapine (Seroquel) Lurasidone (Latuda) Lamotrigine (Lamictal) Lithium and quetiapine top the lists for all three phases of the illness: mania, depression, and the maintenance phase. Lurasidone and lamotrigine are either untested (lurasidone) or ineffective (lamotrigine) in mania, but they are essential tools for bipolar depression. …Bottom Line. Vraylar is an atypical antipsychotic that is effective for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Vraylar is usually well-tolerated and less likely than some other antipsychotics to cause elevations in blood sugar or total cholesterol levels, sedation, or weight gain. 5.You can claim a tax credit for qualified child care expenses if they're necessary for you and your spouse to work. You are limited to $3,000 per year per child, for a maximum of $6...Eligible patients whose insurer does not cover VRAYLAR (cariprazine) or where coverage restrictions have not been satisfied may pay as little as $75 per 30-day supply for each of up to twelve (12) prescription fills. When insurance covers VRAYLAR (cariprazine), eligible patients may pay as little as $15 for each of up to four (4) 90-day ...Find 69 user ratings and reviews for Vraylar Oral on WebMD including side effects and drug interactions, medication effectiveness, ease of use and satisfactionOct 9, 2023 · Learn about the side effects of Vraylar (cariprazine), from common to rare, for consumers and healthcare professionals. ... User Reviews & Ratings. 5.8 / 10. 474 Reviews. Need a Google App Engine web app developer in Krakow? Read reviews & compare projects by leading Google App Engine developers. Find a company today! Development Most Popular Emergi...Upon discontinuation of Vraylar, the plasma concentrations of Vraylar and its active metabolites decline in a multi-exponential manner. 1. Dosage and Administration. For the treatment of schizophrenia, the recommended dose range is 1.5 to 6 mg/day. Vraylar should be initiated at 1.5 mg/day, and the dose may be increased to 3 mg/day on day 2.Bipolar I disorder can cause unpredictable high and low mood swings, also known as manic and depressive episodes. It’s impossible to predict how long mood episodes may last. You might be severely depressed for a brief or extended period of time before entering into a manic episode. Mania could last anywhere from a week to months as well.Cariprazine (Vraylar) is an oral atypical antipsychotic originated by Gedeon Richter. It is a potent dopamine D3 and D2 receptor partial agonist, which preferentially binds to the D3 receptor. Cariprazine also has partial agonist activity at serotonin 5-HT1A receptors. In September 2015, cariprazine received its first global approval in the USA ...Vraylar (cariprazine) is an atypical antipsychotic medication. It’s approved to treat several mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Here, we’ll review the recommended Vraylar dosages for adults only, as it’s not approved for children. Keep in mind that your healthcare provider may have prescribed a different … Adult Dosing . Dosage forms: CAP: 1.5 mg, 3 mg, 4.5 mg, 6 mg; convenience pack Special Note [convenience pack components] Info: 7-day pack contains 1.5 mg cap x1 and 3 mg cap x6 Few things tempt pets like Christmas trees and decorations. Here's how to keep your fur babies and home safe during the holidays. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest...User Reviews for Vraylar oral. Comments & ratings on the side effects, benefits, and effectiveness of Vraylar oral. View Free Coupon. Full Drug Information. Reviews (82) Show ratings &...1.5 mg PO qDay initially; may increase to 3 mg/day on Day 2. Depending upon clinical response and tolerability, further dose adjustments can be made in 1.5 to 3-mg increments; dosing range is 1.5-6 mg PO qDay. Dosages >6 mg/day do not confer increased effectiveness sufficient to outweigh dose-related adverse reactions.A total of 4,329 VRAYLAR-treated patients had at least 6 weeks and 296 VRAYLAR-treated patients had at least 48 weeks of exposure. Patients with Schizophrenia The following findings are based on four placebo-controlled, 6-week schizophrenia trials with VRAYLAR doses ranging from 1.5 to 12 mg once daily.Jan 5, 2023 · Bottom Line. Vraylar is an atypical antipsychotic that is effective for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Vraylar is usually well-tolerated and less likely than some other antipsychotics to cause elevations in blood sugar or total cholesterol levels, sedation, or weight gain. 5. Eligible patients may pay as little as $0 for their first two 30-day fills.*. The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) was developed by Robert M.A. Hirschfeld, MD (University of Texas Medical Branch), and published in the American Journal of Psychiatry. (Hirschfeld RMA, Williams JBW, Spitzer RL, et al. Development and validation of a screening ...Jan 5, 2023 · Bottom Line. Vraylar is an atypical antipsychotic that is effective for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Vraylar is usually well-tolerated and less likely than some other antipsychotics to cause elevations in blood sugar or total cholesterol levels, sedation, or weight gain. 5. Find 79 user ratings and reviews for Vraylar Oral on WebMD including side effects and drug interactions, medication effectiveness, ease of use and satisfactionVRAYLAR (cariprazine) is indicated in adults as adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), for the treatment of depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder (bipolar depression), for the acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder, and for the treatment ...Jan 3, 2019 ... Day #1 Come join my journey of mental health. VRAYLAR is different from an antidepressant. It is in a different class of medicines and is taken with an antidepressant to help improve depression symptoms. However, the exact way VRAYLAR works is unknown. Ask your healthcare provider if adding VRAYLAR to your antidepressant therapy could be right for you. Cariprazine (Vraylar) had been approved for treating manic or mixed episodes in bipolar I disorder. The FDA approved for bipolar I depression. 2 It acts as a partial agonist at the dopamine D3/D2 receptors and at the serotonin 5-HT1A receptors, and has antagonist activity at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. 1,3. EfficacyOthers could make Vraylar less effective. Here, we’ll review nine key interactions that are discussed in the manufacturer’s label for Vraylar. Keep in mind: This isn’t a complete list of possible Vraylar interactions. There may be other medications that affect how it works. And Vraylar might impact how other medications work as well.The most common side effects include difficulty moving or slow movements, tremors, uncontrolled body movements, restlessness and feeling like you need to move around, sleepiness, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, constipation, feeling tired, trouble sleeping, increased appetite, and dizziness. These are not all the possible side effects of VRAYLAR.But Vraylar is a second generation AAP. The molecule was designed in such a way as to minimize the chances of extrapyramidal symptoms. Whether that works in practice,YMMV. Both of them are FDA approved to treat acute bipolar depression as well and the manufacturers conducted clinical trials which back that up.TAP Air Portugal is a rapidly growing airline that's expanding globally. To learn how to earn Miles&Go miles, check our definitive guide! We may be compensated when you click on pr...To register for an educational event over the phone, please call 1-888-335-8430. VRAYLAR (cariprazine) is indicated in adults as adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), for the treatment of depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder (bipolar depression), for the acute treatment of ...I have never heard of it and the doctor said a bunch of stuff about it that sounds to good to be true, like really helping with anxiety and no weight gain, only one week to become …Oct 12, 2023 · For schizophrenia, the recommended starting dosage is 1.5 mg on day 1. On day 2, your doctor may increase your dosage to 3 mg once daily. And, if needed, they may slowly increase your Vraylar ...
Medically reviewed by Victor Nguyen, PharmD, MBA — By Patricia Weiser, PharmD — Updated on October 12, 2023. Learn about side effects and more for Vraylar …. Bullmastiff breeders near me
Vraylar (cariprazine) is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder in adults. It can also be used as an add-on medication to help with major depressive disorder (MDD). Vraylar (cariprazine) is taken by mouth once a day. Some common side effects of this medication include uncontrolled muscle movements, …VRAYLAR is a prescription medicine used in adults: along with antidepressant medicines to treat major depressive disorder (MDD) for short-term (acute) treatment of manic or mixed episodes that happen with bipolar I disorder.To register for an educational event over the phone, please call 1-888-335-8430. VRAYLAR (cariprazine) is indicated in adults as adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), for the treatment of depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder (bipolar depression), for the acute treatment of ...VRAYLAR and antidepressants may increase suicidal thoughts or actions in some children and young adults especially within the first few months of treatment or when the dose is changed. Depression and other mental illnesses are the most important causes of suicidal thoughts and actions. Patients on antidepressants and their families or ...Vraylar (cariprazine) is a brand-name prescription drug used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.It is also sometimes used with antidepressants for major depressive disorder. Vraylar is not intended to treat dementia-related psychosis in older adult patients as it may cause an increased risk of death.. This drug is part of a class of …Cariprazine (Vraylar) is an oral atypical antipsychotic originated by Gedeon Richter. It is a potent dopamine D3 and D2 receptor partial agonist, which preferentially binds to the D3 receptor. Cariprazine also has partial agonist activity at serotonin 5-HT1A receptors. In September 2015, cariprazine received its first global approval in the USA ...Depending on your insurance coverage, eligible patients may pay as little as $5 per 30-day supply for each of up to twelve (12) prescription fills or as little as $5 for each of up to four (4) 90-day prescriptions if VRAYLAR ® (cariprazine) is covered without coverage restrictions (eg, prior authorization, step therapy, or otherwise), and for ... Bipolar I Acute Manic or Mixed Episodes Recommended Doses. Day 1–Start at 1.5 mg/day. Day 2–Increase dose to 3 mg/day. Further adjustments can be made in 1.5- or 3-mg/day increments, up to a maximum recommended dose of 6 mg/day, depending on clinical response and tolerability.*. *In short-term controlled studies, doses above 6 mg/day did ... For schizophrenia, the recommended starting dosage is 1.5 mg on day 1. On day 2, your doctor may increase your dosage to 3 mg once daily. And, if needed, they may slowly increase your Vraylar ...A link from Financial Times A link from Financial Times Ralls, a Chinese company blocked from building wind farms near a military site in Oregon, will sue Barack Obama. It’s the fi...The most common stomach-related side effect with Vraylar is nausea and constipation and these occur in up to 13% of people. Others include indigestion (9%), vomiting (8%), abdominal pain (8%), diarrhea (6%), toothache (3%) and dry mouth (2%). Stomach side effects tend to occur at the beginning of treatment and when your dose is ….